Rakennussuunnittelu Jobs

We are developing a premium residential project consisting of 16 modern villas set within lush green landscaping. The site surroundings are very scenic, with: - Forest on one side - Orchards on two sides - Open green fields on the front side We are looking for an experienced 3D designer/visualization expert who can create: 1) A complete 3D masterplan of the entire site, showcasing the layout, landscaping, surroundings, and villa placement. 2) Detailed 3D exterior views of each villa, highlighting the modern architecture and design elements. 3) Realistic representation of the natural surroundings (forest, orchards, and open greens) to enhance the visual appeal. Available resources: -- Detailed villa architectural drawings with dimensions -- Complete site plan -- The goal is to create ...

I’m looking to team up with an engineer who is comfortable switching hats between building and structural work. At this stage the scope is flexible: I have a concept that needs a professional eye to turn it into clear, code-compliant calculations, drawings and recommendations. You might end up modelling load paths, checking material choices or refining fabrication details—whatever the design ultimately demands. If you enjoy collaborating early in a project, asking the right questions and pushing a design toward safe, build-ready documentation, let’s talk. Please tell me which analysis or drafting tools you prefer to work with and share a sample of comparable projects you have completed so I can see your style.

I’m looking to team up with an engineer who is comfortable switching hats between building and structural work. At this stage the scope is flexible: I have a concept that needs a professional eye to turn it into clear, code-compliant calculations, drawings and recommendations. You might end up modelling load paths, checking material choices or refining fabrication details—whatever the design ultimately demands. If you enjoy collaborating early in a project, asking the right questions and pushing a design toward safe, build-ready documentation, let’s talk. Please tell me which analysis or drafting tools you prefer to work with and share a sample of comparable projects you have completed so I can see your style.

Create plans for a Workshop in Australia Deliverables include - Floor Plan - Elevations - Site Plan (I will provide PDF with contours) - 3d Please see an example image of how the workshop will look. Description Rectangle timber construction with a skillion metal roof, and rendered fibre cement walls.

I need a skilled professional to help obtain permits for a commercial project. You will need to create: - Floor measuring plans - As-builts - 3D modeling We have partial architectural plans, so experience working with incomplete data is a plus. Ideal candidates should possess: - Proficiency in CAD software - Strong 3D modeling skills - Attention to detail - Experience with commercial projects and permitting processes

I'm looking for an experienced architect to design a modern, minimalist-style home. The house should include 2-3 bedrooms and additional spaces like a home office, gym, and entertainment room. Key Requirements: - Modern, minimalist architectural style - 2-3 bedroom layout - Design for home office, gym, and entertainment room Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven experience in modern home design - Strong portfolio in minimalist architecture - Ability to creatively integrate multiple functional spaces Please provide samples of previous work and a rough timeline for completion.

Project Title: Roof Tie-In geometry & Section Layout for Small Home Addition Project Description Need assistance determining the correct roof geometry and tie-in location on an existing roof plane for a small residential home addition. The addition footprint is approximately 260" L × 116" W and attaches along the eave side of the house. The new roof will be a single-slope (shed style) roof tying into the existing roof plane. The addition is asphalt shingle and stucco. Looking for help determining: • Appropriate roof pitch • Correct tie-in location on the existing roof plane • Recommended exterior wall height (96" minimum, 108" preferred if feasible) • Basic rafter layout concept Reference materials available: • Photos of the ...

I need an experienced architectural drafter or designer to revise my existing site plans based on official permit review comments. The plans are already completed; this project is for revisions only. Required Revisions: Site Data Updates: Provide total lot coverage, itemized as existing and proposed Provide total FAR, itemized as existing and proposed Show door landings and/or stairs for the front and rear doors Provide labeled average roof height ADU Corrections: ADU is encroaching into the required side yard setback; relocate ADU outside the setback or note that a variance is required ADU total floor area exceeds 750 sq ft; revise plans to meet the maximum allowed Tree Protection Plan Requirements: Show all existing trees over 6" DBH Show and label the Critical Root Zone...

Hi I will share he details with the shortlisted candidates. Thanks

I am Purchasing a set of CADD drawings for a client and now need precise adjustments before we move to construction. The focus is changing the per the attached redlines What needs to happen • Re-scale overall dimensions so the envelope meets our updated size limits. • I have noted all the adjustments. • Refine spacing and alignments across the plan view so everything snaps to the new grid without clashes. I will provide the CADD file from the online plan supplier once we purchase. Acceptance criteria • All dimension updates match the supplied mark-ups • No lost layers, line weights or blocks. • Layout prints correctly at both A3 and full scale. If you’re comfortable with AutoCAD (or compatible tools) and can turn this around quickly, let&rs...

I need an experienced architectural drafter or designer to revise my existing site plans based on official permit review comments. The plans are already completed; this project is for revisions only. Required Revisions: Site Data Updates: Provide total lot coverage, itemized as existing and proposed Provide total FAR, itemized as existing and proposed Show door landings and/or stairs for the front and rear doors Provide labeled average roof height ADU Corrections: ADU is encroaching into the required side yard setback; relocate ADU outside the setback or note that a variance is required ADU total floor area exceeds 750 sq ft; revise plans to meet the maximum allowed Tree Protection Plan Requirements: Show all existing trees over 6" DBH Show and label the Critical Root Zone...

I'm looking for detailed floor plans for a modern, single-story, 4-bedroom house. The communal areas (living room, kitchen, dining) should be designed in an open-plan layout. Key requirements: - 4 bedrooms - Modern architectural style - Single-story design - Open-plan communal area layout Ideal Skills and Experience: - Expertise in residential architecture - Proficiency in modern design aesthetics - Experience with open-plan layouts Please provide samples of similar projects.

I am looking for a structural engineer to design the structural elements for a residential rear and side extension in London and provide the required calculations and drawings for Building Control approval. The engineer must have experience with UK residential buildings and be familiar with UK Building Regulations. You should also understand how to prepare documents suitable for Building Control submission. Scope of work includes: Structural design for the rear and side extension Structural calculations Structural drawings if required Documents suitable for Building Control approval Please apply only if you have relevant UK experience.

I need a qualified structural engineer to assess diagonal cracks on the walls of two properties we are detailing with following RICS level 2 surveys The survey should include: - Detailed inspection of all affected areas. - Identification of potential causes. - Recommendations for repair or mitigation. - A comprehensive report documenting findings. Ideal skills and experience: - Licensed structural engineer. - Experience with residential properties. - Strong analytical and report-writing skills.

Desert-Adaptive Research Centre Design

I need a skilled interior architect to shape two very different yet connected spaces for me: a residential flat where I live and the commercial offices where I work. Both must share a coherent traditional aesthetic—think timeless detailing, classic joinery, rich wood tones, and balanced symmetry—yet stay fully functional for their respective uses. Here is what I expect: • Concept development for each area, showing how the traditional theme adapts from home to office. • Scaled floor plans and furniture layouts (AutoCAD or similar). • At least three high-resolution 3D renderings per zone that capture materiality, lighting, and ambience (SketchUp, 3ds Max, or equivalent). • A concise finishes schedule listing paints, fabrics, fixtures, and millwork speci...

I have a residential project that is already under construction and the building department has requested a REScheck demonstrating full compliance with IECC 2021. All architectural and envelope details are available; what I need is the completed energy compliance report, ready to submit. Please use the latest REScheck software, enter the project data, and run it against the 2021 code. Deliverables (PDF and digital file): • Signed REScheck compliance report meeting IECC 2021 • The native .rck file so future edits remain possible • A short note outlining any insulation, window, or envelope assumptions used to achieve compliance Once the report passes with no outstanding corrections, the job is done.

Tasked to carry out the design and build of a 3-storey Community Sports The following are mandatory design/modelling requirements: Basement Level (-1): Underground car park with 80 parking lots Plant rooms and storage areas Accessible ramps connecting to ground level Ground Level (Level 1): Main entrance lobby and reception (150 m²) Multi-purpose sports hall (800 m²) with 6m clear height Gymnasium with fitness equipment (200 m²) Changing rooms and shower facilities (100 m²) Café and retail space (120 m²) Administrative offices (80 m²) Second Level (Level 2): Indoor badminton courts (4 courts - 600 m²) Squash courts (4 courts - 200 m²) Activity rooms for classes (150 m²) Spectator seating area (100 m²) Third Level (Level 3): Rooft...

I need a detailed rendering to adapt a manufactured home for placement on a lot in Palisades. The design should be in a craftsman style, featuring covered, surrounded porches. The rendering should prominently highlight: - Exterior features of the home - Design of the detached two-car garage and ADU The exterior materials should showcase manufactured wood. Ideal skills and experience: - Proficiency in architectural rendering - Experience with craftsman style designs - Familiarity with manufactured wood materials - Ability to integrate multiple structures in a cohesive design Please share your portfolio with similar work.

I need a qualified structural engineer to assess diagonal cracks on the walls of two properties we are detailing with following RICS level 2 surveys The survey should include: - Detailed inspection of all affected areas. - Identification of potential causes. - Recommendations for repair or mitigation. - A comprehensive report documenting findings. Ideal skills and experience: - Licensed structural engineer. - Experience with residential properties. - Strong analytical and report-writing skills.

I run a smallholding where I’m about to put up a new barn dedicated to crop storage, and I need professionally drawn plans to accompany my planning application. Specifically, I require a clear, accurately scaled location plan (1:1250 or similar) and a complementary site plan (1:500) that pinpoint the proposed barn, existing boundaries, access, nearby buildings, services and anything else my local authority demands for agricultural developments. You’re free to use AutoCAD, Revit, ArchiCAD or any comparable CAD package, provided the final drawings meet UK planning-portal conventions (north arrow, scale bar, O.S. base, legend, etc.). A tidy, uncluttered layout that can go straight into the application pack is essential. I’d like everything wrapped up within a month so I ha...

I am finalising the concept for a new 50-bed hospital and now need a full set of coordinated design documents that take the project from schematic layout right through to construction-ready drawings. The scope is broad and touches every discipline in a modern healthcare facility, so accuracy, code compliance and seamless integration between services are critical. Deliverables I expect from you • Master floor plans showing all rooms fully fitted with furniture and medical equipment • Architectural drawings: plans, elevations, sections, staircase and railing details, plus all standard amenities • Electrical layouts for the entire distribution network, internal and external, including sub-station and generator design • Sanitary and water-supply drawings with clear...

I'm looking for professional building regulation drawings for a garage conversion into a living space. Requirements: - Convert garage into living space with: - Bedroom - Living room - Toilet and shower room - Layout plan is already designed by me Ideal skills and experience: - Proficiency in creating building regulation drawings - Experience with residential garage conversions - Knowledge of local building codes and regulations - Strong attention to detail and accuracy Please provide examples of similar work done. Thanks! The roof pitch is under 35 degrees and over fascia vents have been added per British standards, 100mm insulation has been put between the rafters and another 50mm will be put over these to provide the necessary insulation, DPM is in the existing slab and ...

I need a clear, professionally drafted site plan that first combines my two adjacent parcels and then immediately subdivides the unified lot into two new, code-ready residential plots. The final drawing must show accurate building footprints positioned to scale, leaving enough room for setbacks, driveways, and future utilities. Because this is a residential project, local zoning will drive lot sizes, frontages, and easements; however, I am not yet sure which specific regulations apply. Part of the assignment is to confirm the applicable rules (or point me to them) so the layout you produce is compliant from day one. Deliverables • One merged-and-replatted site plan in DWG and PDF • Separate legal descriptions for each new parcel • A brief memo (PDF) summarising the zon...

Electrical Design & Drawings for 400 m² Warehouse (Qatar) Project Description: We are seeking a qualified Electrical Engineer or MEP Designer to prepare complete electrical design drawings for a **400 m² warehouse building located in Doha, Qatar. The selected freelancer will be responsible for developing professional electrical layout drawings suitable for construction and consultant review. Scope of Work: The freelancer will prepare a complete set of electrical design drawings including: Electrical lighting layout plan Power layout plan (sockets and equipment points) Distribution board (DB) schedule Single line diagram (SLD) Cable routing and basic load calculations Emergency lighting layout (if applicable) Earthing and grounding layout General electrical notes an...

Job Title: Freelance Surveyor / As-Built Specialist (North & Central NJ) Job Description: We are seeking a detail-oriented freelance surveyor or architectural drafter to perform on-site field measurements and produce accurate as-built drawings for buildings throughout North and Central New Jersey. The ideal candidate has extensive experience in interior surveying and can translate physical spaces into clean, well-organized CAD files. Scope of Work: You will be responsible for documenting existing conditions, including but not limited to: Architectural: Accurate floor plans featuring wall thicknesses, door/window schedules (sizes and types), and interior partitions. Electrical & MEP: Precise locations of electrical switches, outlets, and visible utility points. Finishes: Notati...

All of the drawings, details, and structural calculations for my prefab accessory dwelling unit are ready to go—I simply need a California-licensed civil engineer to review them and add a professional stamp and signature. The project is a residential ADU that will be rented out, so the city’s submittal package must be airtight. Scope I will email you the full PDF set (plans, calcs, and any supporting documents). After your review, I’m looking for your digital stamp and signature on the sheets that require it, along with a short review letter confirming code compliance. Deliverables • Digitally stamped and signed plan set in PDF • One-page review/approval letter (PDF) • Any minor redline comments, if needed, returned in the same file Acceptance Cr...

My current DWG has several dimensions that simply don’t line up with reality. I’m not looking for new geometry or cosmetic tweaks—just a precise correction of the existing dimensional inaccuracies. I’ll provide the drawing along with general guidelines that highlight overall lengths, critical centre-to-centre distances, and height references. Your task is to: • Open the file in AutoCAD (or a fully compatible platform) and bring every mis-sized line, arc, or block back into spec. • Keep all existing layers, annotation styles, and blocks intact; only the dimensions themselves should change. • Deliver a clean DWG that audits without errors and includes a short change log noting each area you adjusted. Acceptance criteria 1. All revised dimensi...

I'm looking for a skilled designer and builder to update our church welcome desk. The new design should be modern and sleek, using wood and metal materials, but open to suggestions. Current desk is too deep and it is hard to connect with new guests across the space. Key requirements: - Design and construct a modern welcome desk - Use wood and metal materials - Ensure the design is functional and welcoming - Consider repurposing materials Ideal skills and experience: - Expertise in modern design - Experience in woodworking and metalworking - Background in building functional furniture for public spaces Please provide examples of previous work and a timeline for completion.

I'm looking for a structural expert to provide the necessary I-beam sizes and C-purlins (30 x 50 x 14) for a residential building with a 4:12 pitch open span. Requirements: - Steel I-beams and C-purlins - Open span with a 4:12 pitch - Must include sizes for I-beams and necessary C-purlins - Steel needs painting for corrosion resistance Ideal Skills and Experience: - Structural engineering background - Experience with residential building projects - Proficiency in steel structural design - Knowledge of structural integrity and load-bearing requirements Please provide detailed specifications and ensure accuracy in measurements.

I need a full set of permit-ready drawings for a compact modern home between 600 – 800 sq ft here in California. The layout is simple: one bedroom, open living-kitchen area, and a bathroom, all designed with clean, contemporary lines. A stamped structural foundation plan is essential. I’m looking for a pier-and-beam solution (sometimes called pier and post), detailed to meet current California Building Code requirements and local seismic and energy (Title 24) standards. Please include: • Architectural floor, roof, and elevation sheets • Structural calculations and details for the pier-and-beam foundation • Title 24 energy documents • PDF set ready for the city plus the original CAD files for future tweaks If you’re licensed to stamp in ...

I’m ready to move forward with a two-container residence—two 40 ft shipping containers joined into a single-story, 6 feet between container, 2 feet above the ground, open-floor-plan home with 2 bedrooms —on my 2.5-acre parcel in Paulden, AZ. Because the lot sits in a mapped flood zone, I need a permit package that satisfies Yavapai County building and flood-plain regulations. Here’s what I need from you: • Site plan and layout that clearly positions the containers, parking, setbacks, and required drainage features on the property. • Detailed architectural drawings suitable for county submittal, showing foundation, structural tie-ins between the containers, roof framing, elevations, and any flood-proofing details. • Structural engineering c...

Hi there, I’m looking for someone to create a simple floor plan drawing of my home for a short-term rental permit application. The home is a detached house located in Carp, Ontario and was built in 2013. I’m looking for a professional who can come to the property in person to take measurements and create a clean, accurate floor plan that includes the layout of the rooms, doors, windows, and basic dimensions. The final floor plan should be clear and suitable to submit to the city as part of a permit application (PDF format is preferred). At this time, I’m only considering someone who is able to complete the measurements on-site, as I’m not able to provide them myself. I am open to price negotiation to fairly compensate for the on-site visit. Please reach out if ...

I’m finalising the design of a modern single-family home and need two coordinated drawing sets: 1. A comprehensive window schedule that lists every opening—size, sill/header heights, glazing type, frame material and any hardware notes—clearly referenced back to plan and elevation markers. 2. A well-thought-out kitchen layout that fits the overall modern aesthetic while optimising workflow (prep–cook– clean), storage and appliance placement. Base and wall cabinet dimensions, island sizing, counter heights, electrical / plumbing locations and finish notes should all be called out. PDF sheets ready for permitting plus the original, editable file are required. I’m happy for you to work in AutoCAD, Revit, SketchUp or whichever platform you’re fastest...

We are developing a premium residential project consisting of 16 modern villas set within lush green landscaping. The site surroundings are very scenic, with: - Forest on one side - Orchards on two sides - Open green fields on the front side We are looking for an experienced 3D designer/visualization expert who can create: 1) A complete 3D masterplan of the entire site, showcasing the layout, landscaping, surroundings, and villa placement. 2) Detailed 3D exterior views of each villa, highlighting the modern architecture and design elements. 3) Realistic representation of the natural surroundings (forest, orchards, and open greens) to enhance the visual appeal. Available resources: -- Detailed villa architectural drawings with dimensions -- Complete site plan -- The goal is to create h...

I need detailed 2D floor plans for a proposed sauna business in London. These plans must be council-ready for submission. Key requirements: - Accurate and professional 2D floor plans - Must include all necessary details for council approval Ideal skills and experience: - Proficiency in architectural drawing and design software - Experience with council submission requirements in London - Attention to detail and accuracy

kami membutuhkan seorang freelance drafter, untuk melakukan drawing atas konstruksi walkway yang terpasang di atas atap, yang telah kami lakukan untuk customer kami. outputnya adalah as built drawing, berdasarkan gambar awal dengan penyesuaian di lokasi.

I'm seeking an experienced architect to design a 4-star eco-friendly hotel in Uganda. Key requirements: - The design should be modern yet incorporate traditional Ugandan elements. - Use of sustainable materials, particularly locally sourced wood and solar panels. - Facilities to include a swimming pool, conference rooms, and a spa. Ideal skills and experience: - Expertise in eco-friendly architecture - Strong portfolio in modern and traditional design integration - Experience with sustainable materials and energy solutions - Familiarity with hospitality industry standards and requirements Please provide a portfolio with relevant projects.

I have 20–25 residential buildings that all follow a traditional architectural style and I need each one converted into precise AutoCAD files. The scope is limited to detailed floor plans only, but they must clearly show all walls, accurate room dimensions, and every door and window location. No interior elevations, sections, or furniture layouts are required beyond what is necessary to illustrate openings. Here is what I will hand over: • Hand-sketched layouts, PDFs, or scanned drawings for each building • Key dimensions or a reference scale for every floor • A naming convention and layer standard I already use on other projects What I expect back for every building: • One clean, fully layered DWG (AutoCAD 2018-compatible or earlier) • A plotted PD...

I need a detail-oriented drafter who can produce complete ELV system drawings in AutoCAD. The scope covers every low-voltage discipline I use—CCTV, access control, and fire alarm—so you should be comfortable taking each of those from concept to coordinated set. The building type will vary from residential through commercial and industrial projects, so flexibility with different code requirements and layout standards is important. I will supply architectural backgrounds and any device schedules I already have; you will translate them into clear, layered DWG files ready for authority submission and site installation. Deliverables • Floor-by-floor device layouts • Riser or single-line diagrams for each system • Legends, cable routing, and basic material take-o...

I’m starting a new build and need a skilled designer who can first craft modern floor plan ideas that flow well and respect basic Vastu principles. Once the plans feel right, I’d like to move smoothly into a full package that covers everything else the house needs. Here’s what I expect to receive as the project unfolds: • Thought-out floor plans (initial focus) with clear room dimensions, furniture allocation, circulation paths, and Vastu-aligned orientation. • 3D front elevation renders that match the chosen plan and portray realistic materials, lighting, and landscaping cues. • Interior design concepts for all key spaces, including curated mood boards and material palettes. • Detailed structural drawings showing beam and column placement sui...

I'm seeking detailed construction drawings for a single-family residential home. The drawings should be accurate, comprehensive, and ready for construction. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proficiency in architectural design software (AutoCAD, Revit, etc.) - Experience in creating construction drawings for residential buildings - Strong understanding of building codes and regulations - Attention to detail and accuracy Please provide samples of previous work and a timeline for completion. We are building a barndominium and need drawings for framing, plumbing, electrical and hvac. The living space is 30 ft X 45 ft. Height of the building will be 20ft in the front and 14ft in the back. Possible ideas for a loft would be nice too.

I'm seeking a skilled designer to create two versions of a modern tiny home floor plan for full-time living. What exists today already is a 12'x20' pool with a cement pad around it. The long length of the pool runs north/south. To the west, the concrete pad extends 4', to the north the pad extends 5', to the east the pad extends 12', to the south the pad also extends 5'. The building will be on the north side of the pool, and will be 35'x17' with the longest side running east/west. The stairs should be on the west side on the outside of the building. The first floor will be a workshop, so should just be open floor plan with a large set of double doors that go out to the pool. The upper floor will be a 1 bedroom that fits a king bed, a bathroom...

I have 20–25 residential buildings that all follow a traditional architectural style and I need each one converted into precise AutoCAD files. The scope is limited to detailed floor plans only, but they must clearly show all walls, accurate room dimensions, and every door and window location. No interior elevations, sections, or furniture layouts are required beyond what is necessary to illustrate openings. Here is what I will hand over: • Hand-sketched layouts, PDFs, or scanned drawings for each building • Key dimensions or a reference scale for every floor • A naming convention and layer standard I already use on other projects What I expect back for every building: • One clean, fully layered DWG (AutoCAD 2018-compatible or earlier) • A plotted PD...

I’m planning a residence that must also function day-to-day as an office building, so the layout has to balance comfortable living with productive work zones. Beyond the usual bedrooms, kitchen and living areas, the design must include fully-equipped conference rooms, airy open workspaces and a handful of quiet private offices that feel integrated rather than tacked on. What I need from you: a complete architectural package—concept sketches through to permit-ready plans—plus persuasive 3D visuals I can share with investors. You’re free to work in AutoCAD, Revit or SketchUp as long as final files are editable and accompanied by high-resolution renders. Key acceptance criteria • Floor plans clearly separating public and private circulation paths • St...

I’m planning a residence that must also function day-to-day as an office building, so the layout has to balance comfortable living with productive work zones. Beyond the usual bedrooms, kitchen and living areas, the design must include fully-equipped conference rooms, airy open workspaces and a handful of quiet private offices that feel integrated rather than tacked on. What I need from you: a complete architectural package—concept sketches through to permit-ready plans—plus persuasive 3D visuals I can share with investors. You’re free to work in AutoCAD, Revit or SketchUp as long as final files are editable and accompanied by high-resolution renders. Key acceptance criteria • Floor plans clearly separating public and private circulation paths • St...

Cottage attached to a double workshop to be converted into one residential building. Small annex is needed to connect the two buildings and a second floor is needed in the workshop.

I need an experienced AutoCAD interior designer to create a layout for a commercial office space. Key Requirements: - Design should be professional and functional - Space planning for workstations, conference rooms, and reception area - Use of AutoCAD for detailed drawings Ideal Skills and Experience: - Proven interior design experience, especially in commercial spaces - Proficiency in AutoCAD - Strong understanding of space optimization and ergonomics - Creative and able to provide innovative design solutions Please include a portfolio with your bids.

I need a temporary works designer for underpinning, specifically design calculations. The method of underpinning will be mass concrete underpinning. Ideal Skills and Experience: - Expertise in temporary works design - Strong background in structural engineering - Experience with mass concrete underpinning methods - Proficient in design calculations for underpinning systems - Relevant certifications in inspection and safety Please provide a portfolio showcasing similar projects and relevant qualifications.

I need a qualified professional to sign off on the foundations of 6 new multi-family residential builds (5-10 units each). Key tasks include: - Inspecting foundation work for compliance with building codes and regulations - Providing necessary documentation and approvals Ideal skills and experience: - Expertise in residential construction, especially multi-family units - Relevant certifications and licenses - Attention to detail and thoroughness in inspections Looking for someone reliable and experienced in handling foundation sign-offs.